PHILTAR
Middle East & North Africa
Back Links:
  • Ancient Egypt

    Whilst this site, hosted by the British Museum, is evidently designed for children it provides an interesting introduction to the religion & culture of ancient Egypt. The telling of ancient Egyptian creation myth with both text & animation is especially well conceived. Clicking on any of 29 images of gods & goddesses gives a brief description of that character. Altogether there are ten subject headings, which, besides the gods, include, for example, Egyptian life, geography, mummification, the pyramids, temples, and writing. Some great images. The 'Staff Room' offers guidance for teachers.

  • Ancient Egyptian Mythology

    Mythology Gallery Directory, by Richard Deurer. Intended to offer a "basic" understanding of ancient Egyptian mythology, this site offers a discussion of subjects ranging from mummification, a key to Egyptian hieroglyphs or symbols, to creation myths, a glossary, & the Book of the Dead, among others. The section on the Book of the of the Dead includes Wallis Budge's famous translation of it. Deurer states that this book is now regarded as "outmoded and inaccurate", but quite rightly that it is an important study.

  • Ancient Mesopotamia

    Provided by the British Museum, this is a simple guide, evidently for children, to the cultures & the gods & goddesses of ancient Mesopotamia, in particular of Babylonia, Assyria, and Sumer. Like the Museum's Egyptian site, there is also a 'Staff Room' to guide teachers.

  • Discovering Egypt

    Evidently designed principally for children, this site looks at pyramids & temples, kings & queens, & hieroglyphs. For sale is a CD-Rom entitled 'Discovering Ancient Egypt' for £20.00.

  • Egyptian Art and Archaeology

    A web site produced by The University of Memphis Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology. It offers a small exhibit of artifacts, and a tour of eleven sites along the Nile. Included among the latter are Abydos, showing a relief carving of the god Nun; Aswan, featuring a temple of Isis; Abu Simbal, a temple built by Ramasses II, and exhibiting a rock carving of the Sun god Re-Horakhty; and the temple of Horus at Edfu.

  • Egyptian Mythology

    An interesting introduction to the religion of ancient Egypt & its gods & goddesses. A brief description of the main deities is included, with more detailed discussions of some of these and others not included in that list.

  • Gula, Goddess of Healing

    'Nippur 1990: Gula, Goddess of Healing,and an Akkadian Tomb', by McGuire Gibson, Professor of Mesopotamian Archaeology at the University of Chicago. This article documents the excavation of a temple, or apparently a series temples stacked one upon the other, to the goddess Gula, first mentioned c.2000 B.C., and who took over the functions of earlier goddesses such as Bau. Clicking on 'The Nippur Expedition' provides more information about the sacred city of Nippur, and links to other articles concerning the city are also available from here. Among these is McGuire's 1993 article 'Nippur, Sacred City of Enlil, Supreme God of Sumer and Akkad', which includes a map of ancient Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian Chronological Table.

  • Life in ancient Egypt

    Includes, among others, discussions on 'Gods and Religion', 'Funerary Customs', 'Daily Life', a chronology of ancient Egypt from the Neolithic to Roman periods, and the importance to Egyptian culture of the natural environment, most especially of the Nile. Website provided by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

  • Sacred Texts

    Further sacred texts & discussions of ancient near east religion may be found here, including Wallis Budge's detailed discussion & presentation of the Epic of Gilgamesh (twelve tablets), the story of Adapa and the Food of Life, the Descent of the Goddess Ishtar into the Lower World, 'The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria', and 'Legends of Babylonia and Egypt'. All translations & essays date from the first three decades of the 20th century.

  • Spiritual Systems of Mesopotamia

    The Sumerians, Akkadians, & Babylonians (Appendix III). Tells of many of the latter's gods & primordial entities, which are also related largely to the Enuma Elish. See also The Emergence of Civilization in the Ancient Near East, especially 'The Urbanization of Mesopotamia, 5500-2400' in Part II.

  • Sumerian Literature

    The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, based at the University of Oxford. The latter's intention is to "… make accessible, via the World Wide Web, over 400 literary works composed in the Sumerian language in ancient Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennia BC." It is evident that many of the listed documents are not yet accessible. Nevertheless, there is still much to choose from. The available categories are found at the Full Catalogue of Sumerian Compositions.

  • Sumerian Mythology

    'Frequently Asked Questions' by Chris Siren, a physicist & planetary scientist. Provides a history & overview of Sumer civilization, Sumerian cosmology & deities, the underworld, & Biblical parallels in Sumerian literature. Sources & further reading also given.

  • The Ancient Egypt Site

    Produced by Egyptologist Jacques Kinnaer, this site consists in six main sections: (1) 'The History of Ancient Egypt' (2) 'Saqqara, City of the Dead' (3) 'The Language of Ancient Egypt' (4) 'Ancient Egypt from A to Z' (5) 'The Ancient Egypt Bibliography' (extensive, although not all books are in English) & (6) 'World Wide Ancient Egypt', which consists in five sub-sections, including links to numerous related sites on the WWW. Unfortunately, some links are apparently not currently operating.

  • The Enuma Elish(1) or Enuma Elish(2)

    The Enuma Elish, the Babylonian creation epic, which tells of the slaying of Tiamat by the god Marduk who decapitates the former's dead body to create the Earth. Similarly from the slain body of Kingu is Man created. The second of the two translations (L.W. King, 1902), however, is missing the latter event & other text in Tablet 6. Nevertheless, Marduk's initial idea, given to Ea, to create man from himself, does appear in both translations.

  • The Goddesses of Ancient Egypt

    Three goddesses are explored here: Hathor, Isis, & Neith. The discussion of Neith, which is replete with illustrations, is followed by copious notes & bibliographic references. There is also a short paper (in progress) by Katherine Griffis-Greenberg of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, entitled 'Reinterpreting the Influence of the Feminine in Ancient Egypt'.